入冬以來，霧(wu)(wu)霾(mai)頻(pin)發。為治理(li)霧(wu)(wu)霾(mai)，政(zheng)(zheng)府出臺了若干強制措施(shi)(shi)，如作業停工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、車輛限行(xing)、灑水(shui)降塵等(deng)。建設工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程作業極易產(chan)生揚塵，往往加劇(ju)霧(wu)(wu)霾(mai)污染，因此(ci)在霧(wu)(wu)霾(mai)天，政(zheng)(zheng)府部門常(chang)常(chang)拉響預(yu)警(jing)，要求工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地全面(mian)停工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程停工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，導致(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)延誤、機械(xie)擱置、人員窩工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)等(deng)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業叫苦不迭(die)。故此(ci)，本文嘗試(shi)探討：因霧(wu)(wu)霾(mai)天停工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)生損(sun)失(shi)(shi)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業能否進(jin)行(xing)索賠？

一、關于霧霾停(ting)工的法(fa)律定(ding)性

（一）霧霾(mai)停工的(de)情形(xing)

以西安(an)為(wei)例。根據2018年10月(yue)31日發布(bu)的《西安(an)市(shi)重(zhong)污(wu)染(ran)天(tian)氣應(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)預(yu)(yu)(yu)案》規(gui)定：按照重(zhong)污(wu)染(ran)天(tian)氣的發展趨勢和嚴重(zhong)性(xing)(xing)，將霧(wu)霾(mai)(mai)(mai)預(yu)(yu)(yu)警(jing)劃分為(wei)三個等級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，由低(di)到高依次為(wei)黃色預(yu)(yu)(yu)警(jing)、橙色預(yu)(yu)(yu)警(jing)和紅色預(yu)(yu)(yu)警(jing)。同時霧(wu)霾(mai)(mai)(mai)應(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)與霧(wu)霾(mai)(mai)(mai)預(yu)(yu)(yu)警(jing)同步(bu)啟動，應(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)分為(wei)3個等級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，由低(di)到高順(shun)序依次為(wei)Ⅲ級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(對應(ying)(ying)黃色預(yu)(yu)(yu)警(jing))、Ⅱ級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(對應(ying)(ying)橙色預(yu)(yu)(yu)警(jing))和I級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(對應(ying)(ying)紅色預(yu)(yu)(yu)警(jing))。每一級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)應(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)均包括強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)減(jian)(jian)排措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)求(qiu)。如：Ⅲ級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)應(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)中的強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)減(jian)(jian)排措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中規(gui)定“全市(shi)范圍內除(chu)地(di)鐵(tie)、搶(qiang)修搶(qiang)險(xian)和特(te)殊需(xu)要(yao)外的建設(she)、出土、拆(chai)遷(qian)、建筑垃圾消納場等施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位(wei)停止(zhi)涉土作業，各類工(gong)(gong)地(di)禁止(zhi)噴(pen)涂粉刷、護坡噴(pen)漿(jiang)、建筑拆(chai)除(chu)、切割(ge)、土石方等施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)作業（塔吊或(huo)地(di)下施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)等不(bu)受影響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)）”；Ⅱ級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)應(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)中的強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)減(jian)(jian)排措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中規(gui)定“全市(shi)除(chu)地(di)鐵(tie)、搶(qiang)修搶(qiang)險(xian)和特(te)殊需(xu)要(yao)外的建設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位(wei)停止(zhi)室(shi)外作業（塔吊或(huo)地(di)下施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)等不(bu)受影響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)）”；I級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)應(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)中的強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)減(jian)(jian)排措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)更是(shi)嚴于Ⅱ級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。因(yin)此，政府強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)停工(gong)(gong)的情形(xing)與霧(wu)霾(mai)(mai)(mai)預(yu)(yu)(yu)警(jing)等級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)及單項工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)內容有關。另一種霧(wu)霾(mai)(mai)(mai)停工(gong)(gong)是(shi)個別(bie)企業因(yin)自身治(zhi)污(wu)減(jian)(jian)霾(mai)(mai)(mai)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)到位(wei)，導致政府部門要(yao)求(qiu)其停工(gong)(gong)整改。

（二）試析霧(wu)霾停工的法律定性

關(guan)于霧(wu)霾(mai)天(tian)政(zheng)府(fu)強令(ling)停工(gong)的(de)法律定性，目前司法實務中主要(yao)觀點是不(bu)(bu)(bu)可抗力(li)說。此種說法認為(wei)，霧(wu)霾(mai)天(tian)停工(gong)的(de)主要(yao)原因是政(zheng)府(fu)為(wei)了防(fang)治揚塵污染，強令(ling)一(yi)定區域內的(de)所有施工(gong)企業統(tong)一(yi)停工(gong)的(de)政(zheng)府(fu)行(xing)為(wei)，另霧(wu)霾(mai)天(tian)是否一(yi)定停工(gong)且(qie)停工(gong)的(de)天(tian)數在簽(qian)訂施工(gong)合同(tong)無(wu)法準(zhun)確預見。因此霧(wu)霾(mai)停工(gong)屬于不(bu)(bu)(bu)可準(zhun)確預見、不(bu)(bu)(bu)能避(bi)免且(qie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能克(ke)服(fu)的(de)政(zheng)府(fu)行(xing)為(wei)，應認定為(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可抗力(li)情形。

對于(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可抗(kang)(kang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)說，筆(bi)者持否定意見(jian)(jian)(jian)。理(li)(li)由：首先，關于(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可抗(kang)(kang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)，我國《民(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)總則》規定，不(bu)(bu)(bu)可抗(kang)(kang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)指不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)預見(jian)(jian)(jian)、不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)避(bi)免(mian)并不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)克(ke)服(fu)的(de)(de)(de)客(ke)觀情況。不(bu)(bu)(bu)可抗(kang)(kang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)，主觀上(shang)要求根據一(yi)般(ban)人的(de)(de)(de)預見(jian)(jian)(jian)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)及現(xian)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)科學技術(shu)水(shui)平，在(zai)合(he)同簽(qian)(qian)訂時對事(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)確定發(fa)生(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)預見(jian)(jian)(jian)；客(ke)觀上(shang)要求該事(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)是(shi)無法(fa)(fa)(fa)避(bi)免(mian)且憑借一(yi)般(ban)人的(de)(de)(de)最大(da)努力(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)克(ke)服(fu)的(de)(de)(de)。關于(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可抗(kang)(kang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律只是(shi)采用概括描述的(de)(de)(de)方式定義，并沒有(you)列舉具體情形。實踐中，人們經(jing)常(chang)將自然(ran)災害、社會異(yi)常(chang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)認定為不(bu)(bu)(bu)可抗(kang)(kang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)，如地震(zhen)、臺風、海嘯、戰(zhan)爭、瘟疫、暴亂等(deng)事(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)。關于(yu)霧(wu)(wu)霾(mai)天政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)要求工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)停(ting)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)情形，因現(xian)在(zai)霧(wu)(wu)霾(mai)天停(ting)工(gong)(gong)已是(shi)常(chang)態，施工(gong)(gong)企業(ye)在(zai)合(he)同簽(qian)(qian)訂時有(you)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)預見(jian)(jian)(jian)到(dao)，所(suo)以霧(wu)(wu)霾(mai)停(ting)工(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)符合(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可抗(kang)(kang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)預見(jian)(jian)(jian)之特征；其次(ci)，霧(wu)(wu)霾(mai)停(ting)工(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)必然(ran)發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)。隨著政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)防治(zhi)(zhi)污染的(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)力(li)(li)(li)(li)度，多(duo)種措施齊發(fa)并進，我國的(de)(de)(de)天氣狀況向好(hao)態勢發(fa)展(zhan)，因此霧(wu)(wu)霾(mai)停(ting)工(gong)(gong)在(zai)認識的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)上(shang)是(shi)可避(bi)免(mian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)和可克(ke)服(fu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)。因此，筆(bi)者認為霧(wu)(wu)霾(mai)天停(ting)工(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)屬(shu)于(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可抗(kang)(kang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)事(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)。

筆者認為，霧霾天(tian)(tian)政(zheng)府強制要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)停工(gong)的(de)行為應認定為行政(zheng)命(ming)令(ling)(ling)。行政(zheng)命(ming)令(ling)(ling)指的(de)是(shi)行政(zheng)主體依法要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)相(xiang)對人進行一(yi)定的(de)作為或不(bu)作為的(de)意(yi)思(si)表示。霧霾天(tian)(tian)停工(gong)是(shi)政(zheng)府部門根據(ju)國家治污減霾政(zheng)策規定，要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)所有工(gong)程停工(gong)的(de)單方(fang)面意(yi)思(si)表示，其(qi)(qi)是(shi)政(zheng)府宏觀調控的(de)統一(yi)行為，與建設方(fang)及(ji)施(shi)工(gong)企(qi)(qi)業無關，因此霧霾天(tian)(tian)停工(gong)屬于(yu)(yu)行政(zheng)命(ming)令(ling)(ling)。對于(yu)(yu)個別施(shi)工(gong)企(qi)(qi)業因自身(shen)治污減霾措施(shi)不(bu)到位，導(dao)致政(zheng)府部門對其(qi)(qi)專門下達(da)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)其(qi)(qi)停工(gong)整(zheng)改(gai)的(de)情形，應屬于(yu)(yu)行政(zheng)處罰(fa)。

二、施(shi)工企業如何(he)避免因霧(wu)霾停(ting)工而(er)受損

（一）針對因行政處罰導致工程停工的情(qing)形

 針對個(ge)別(bie)因(yin)治污(wu)(wu)減霾措施(shi)(shi)不(bu)到位的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)企(qi)業，導致政府部門對其(qi)作(zuo)出停(ting)工(gong)的(de)行(xing)政處罰決定的(de)情(qing)形，建議施(shi)(shi)工(gong)企(qi)業在與建設方(fang)簽訂(ding)建設工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)合同(tong)時，將防治揚塵(chen)污(wu)(wu)染費(fei)(fei)用(yong)計入(ru)合同(tong)總價(jia)。根據我國《大氣污(wu)(wu)染防治法》的(de)有(you)關規定，工(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)中(zhong)應(ying)當包括防治揚塵(chen)污(wu)(wu)染的(de)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)。實務中(zhong)，防治揚塵(chen)污(wu)(wu)染的(de)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)比例為(wei)工(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)的(de)0.4%，且此(ci)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)不(bu)可減免(mian)。因(yin)此(ci)，對于此(ci)種情(qing)形，屬于施(shi)(shi)工(gong)企(qi)業自身管理的(de)問題，其(qi)應(ying)當自行(xing)承擔停(ting)工(gong)造成的(de)所有(you)損失。

（二）針對因行政命令導致工程停工的情形

 1、合同(tong)明確約定霧霾天停工為免(mian)責事由

索(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)分(fen)為合(he)同(tong)(tong)內索(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)、合(he)同(tong)(tong)外索(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)和道義索(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)三類，三者的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)難度依(yi)(yi)次增強。如果施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)索(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)，合(he)同(tong)(tong)是最有(you)力的(de)依(yi)(yi)據。建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程屬于(yu)(yu)民事法律行為范疇，遵從“約(yue)定大于(yu)(yu)法定”的(de)民事原則，所以建(jian)(jian)(jian)議施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)在與建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)方簽訂(ding)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)(tong)時(shi)，將霧(wu)霾(mai)停工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)情形明(ming)確約(yue)定為免責事由，且約(yue)定因霧(wu)霾(mai)天(tian)停工(gong)(gong)(gong)導(dao)致的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)延誤、機械損失(shi)及(ji)人員窩工(gong)(gong)(gong)等損失(shi)給予補償，為后期(qi)(qi)索(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)提供合(he)同(tong)(tong)依(yi)(yi)據。

2、索(suo)賠(pei)(pei)事(shi)件發生后，積極按照合同約定程(cheng)序(xu)向(xiang)建(jian)設方索(suo)賠(pei)(pei)目(mu)前，很多(duo)建(jian)設工程(cheng)施工合同的(de)簽(qian)訂主(zhu)要是參考住建(jian)部發布的(de)《建(jian)設工程(cheng)施工合同》范本。

2017年國(guo)家工(gong)商行政(zheng)管理總局、住房和城鄉建設(she)部(bu)聯合發(fa)布的(de)(de)《建設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)合同》示范文本(ben)中(zhong)通用(yong)條(tiao)款(kuan)19.1條(tiao)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)關于承包人索(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)約(yue)(yue)定(ding)。該(gai)示范文本(ben)約(yue)(yue)定(ding)索(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)的(de)(de)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)為，索(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)事(shi)件(jian)發(fa)生(sheng)后(hou)28天內施(shi)工(gong)方(fang)必須向(xiang)監(jian)理方(fang)提(ti)(ti)出索(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)意(yi)(yi)向(xiang)，且在索(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)意(yi)(yi)向(xiang)書發(fa)出后(hou)28天內，向(xiang)監(jian)理方(fang)提(ti)(ti)交正式的(de)(de)索(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)報告，明確延(yan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)天數、追加的(de)(de)具體款(kuan)項金額及(ji)必要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)證據(ju)材料。超過期(qi)(qi)(qi)限主(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)索(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)，喪(sang)失要(yao)(yao)求追加付款(kuan)和（或）延(yan)長工(gong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)權(quan)利。其約(yue)(yue)定(ding)了(le)“索(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)逾(yu)期(qi)(qi)(qi)喪(sang)失規(gui)則”。實踐過程(cheng)中(zhong)，我們很多施(shi)工(gong)企業的(de)(de)索(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)意(yi)(yi)識非常單薄，且對索(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)不是(shi)很清(qing)楚。往往是(shi)索(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)事(shi)件(jian)發(fa)生(sheng)后(hou)，不積極主(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)，積累到結算時(shi)才向(xiang)建設(she)方(fang)一并主(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)。結算才主(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)索(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)，為時(shi)已晚也，主(zhu)動(dong)權(quan)利已扭(niu)到到建設(she)方(fang)，一旦發(fa)生(sheng)訴訟糾紛，施(shi)工(gong)企業必將(jiang)失去索(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)權(quan)利。

筆者(zhe)建議(yi)，建設(she)工(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)在(zai)履(lv)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中，一(yi)旦(dan)出現合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)約定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)以延長(chang)工(gong)期或者(zhe)追加付款的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事件(jian)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)企業應及(ji)時向建設(she)方(fang)提出索賠要求。另一(yi)方(fang)面，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)企業在(zai)與建設(she)方(fang)簽訂《建設(she)過(guo)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)》時，應根據自己項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)針對索賠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反應情況(kuang)，將合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)通用條款中主張索賠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)期限(xian)進行適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)延長(chang)，避免未及(ji)時索賠權利喪失的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情形出現；再者(zhe)，通過(guo)培訓(xun)學(xue)習提升項目經理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)索賠意識(shi)，加強其(qi)項目管(guan)理(li)過(guo)程中及(ji)時索賠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行動。

3、如合同(tong)未約定霧(wu)霾天停工的(de)處理(li)辦(ban)法，基(ji)于(yu)公平原則，施工企業與(yu)建設方合理(li)分擔損失(shi)。

根據上述(shu)分析，霧霾停(ting)工不(bu)屬于不(bu)可抗(kang)力的情形。如果合同中亦未將此種情形約定為免責事由，施工企(qi)業能否主張索賠？

筆者認為：在(zai)建筑工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中，由(you)于政府大氣(qi)污染(ran)防控的(de)(de)要求(qiu)，要求(qiu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)統一停(ting)工(gong)(gong)，導致施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)產生損(sun)失(shi)(shi)。雖然從建設(she)方角度分(fen)(fen)析，霧(wu)(wu)霾停(ting)工(gong)(gong)是在(zai)合同簽訂時是可預見的(de)(de)商(shang)業(ye)風險，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)方在(zai)投標報價時應已考(kao)慮霧(wu)(wu)霾停(ting)工(gong)(gong)造成的(de)(de)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)。但是，客(ke)觀分(fen)(fen)析，霧(wu)(wu)霾停(ting)工(gong)(gong)屬于非當(dang)事人過(guo)錯導致的(de)(de)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)，且該損(sun)失(shi)(shi)無(wu)法(fa)克服。根據公平原則(ze)，建設(she)方作為建筑工(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)所有權人，且最終受益建筑工(gong)(gong)程，其應與施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)合理分(fen)(fen)擔(dan)霧(wu)(wu)霾停(ting)工(gong)(gong)導致的(de)(de)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)。參(can)考(kao)不可抗力的(de)(de)處理原則(ze)，霧(wu)(wu)霾停(ting)工(gong)(gong)引起的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)期延(yan)誤予以順延(yan)，霧(wu)(wu)霾停(ting)工(gong)(gong)造成的(de)(de)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)由(you)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)自行承擔(dan)。

綜上，霧(wu)霾(mai)天停(ting)工(gong)存(cun)在兩種情形。一種是因(yin)施工(gong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)自身治污減霾(mai)措(cuo)施不(bu)到(dao)位，導致政(zheng)府要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)其(qi)停(ting)工(gong)。因(yin)治污減霾(mai)的費用(yong)已包(bao)含在工(gong)程(cheng)造價里(li)，此(ci)種情形停(ting)工(gong)，施工(gong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)應自行承擔損(sun)失(shi)(shi)且(qie)無(wu)權(quan)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)工(gong)期(qi)(qi)順延。另一種是霧(wu)霾(mai)嚴重程(cheng)度達到(dao)橙色(se)或紅色(se)預(yu)警，政(zheng)府要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)所有室(shi)外作業(ye)(ye)工(gong)程(cheng)或室(shi)內外作業(ye)(ye)工(gong)程(cheng)停(ting)工(gong)的情形。此(ci)種情形停(ting)工(gong)不(bu)屬于不(bu)可抗(kang)力事(shi)件，施工(gong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)最好在建設工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)合(he)同(tong)中將(jiang)其(qi)約(yue)定(ding)(ding)為免責事(shi)由(you)。如果合(he)同(tong)未作約(yue)定(ding)(ding)，根(gen)據公平原則，可以參考不(bu)可抗(kang)力的處理辦法(fa)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)工(gong)期(qi)(qi)予以順延，但(dan)是針對(dui)霧(wu)霾(mai)停(ting)工(gong)造成的損(sun)失(shi)(shi)，施工(gong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)無(wu)權(quan)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)補償。